Optical fiber cables

ABSTRACT

Described are new cable designs for indoor installations wherein the cable comprises a dual-layer optical fiber buffer encasement of acrylate resin. The buffer encasement has an acrylate compliant inner layer that protects the fiber and minimizes stress transfer to the fiber; and a hard, tough acrylate outer layer that provides crush resistance. The dual-layer optical fiber buffer encasement is wrapped with reinforcing yarn and encased in an outer protective jacket. A dual jacket embodiment adapted for indoor/outdoor installations is also described.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/975,830 filed Sep. 28, 2007, U.S. Provisional Application 60/983,306, filed October 29, United Statues Utility application Ser. No. 12/229,261, filed Aug. 21, 2008, all incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to optical fiber cables.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

(Parts of this Background May or May not Constitute Prior Art.) Conventional optical fiber cables for indoor use typically provide a convenient termination for standard single-fiber connectors, such as ST, SC or LC connectors, often using tight buffered optical fiber with an outer diameter of 900 microns. However, multifiber connectors are becoming increasingly popular in order to save space and installation labor. These connectors use multi-fiber “MT” ferrules. 12-fiber multifiber connectors with a “MT” type ferrule can be used for connection of twelve 250 micron fibers in the same space normally needed for 2 traditional SC connections, or 3 traditional LC connections. Commercially available multifiber connectors include MTP® connectors from US Conec (www.usconec.com), and MPO connectors from Furukawa America (http://www.furukawaamerica.com/resource/MPO_(—)0305.pdf) or Tyco Electronics (www.tycoelectronics.com).

These types of multifiber connectors are designed to work with flat optical ribbons. However, use of flat ribbons in cable may lead to undesirable cable performance in the field, e.g., difficult cable handling and routing in the field. Flat cables are prone to twisting and kinking. If, on the other hand, a flat ribbon is placed in a round cable, the cable must be fairly large and bulky in order to fit the flat ribbon within a robust round structure. For example, a 12-fiber ribbon, made using 250 micron fibers, is typically 3.1 mm wide; placing jacketing and reinforcement over that ribbon leads to a round cable in excess of 5 mm in diameter: an undesirably large cable.

To address these problems with ribbon cable, some providers of multifiber connectors offer compact, round, indoor optical cables using unribboned, colored, loose, 250 micron fiber. Colored 250 micron fiber resembles the type of fiber often used in outside plant cables. The individual 250 micron fibers can be packed very tightly into a profile that is substantially round, thus allowing packaging those fibers in a small round cable.

Commercial examples of this sort of cable include the “Premise MicroCore” cable, by AFL Telecommunications

-   -   (http://www.afltele.com/resourc         %20center/specifications/fiberopticcable/pdfs/Subunitized_Premise_MicroCore.pdf)         and Corning “MIC250” cables. The AFL 12-fiber cable is 4.5 mm in         diameter; the Corning cable is 4.4 mm in diameter. Both of these         cables can be used as subunits for higher fiber count cables;         the AFL design may have as many as 72 fibers, while the Corning         design is offered with 24 fibers.

However, multifiber connectors that use MT ferrules are designed to accept flat ribbons, so special accommodations are made for round, loose fiber cables with multifiber connectors. For example, the loose fiber may be ‘ribbonized’ prior to use with MT-type multifiber ferrules. Commercial kits for ribbonization are available from, for example, US Conec. In factory ribbonization, the individual fibers may be broken out from the end of the small, round cable, and formed into a short ‘ribbon’ using either a UV-cured resin or engineered adhesive tapes. After the fibers are ribbonized, they may be terminated with the multifiber connector. This approach requires extra time in connectorization, but provides a terminated multifiber jumper with reduced size and improved handling for field installation.

However, the round cable designs just described have several drawbacks:

-   -   1. Poor fiber management. The colored, 250 micron fibers are         loosely laid inside the cable with aramid yarn reinforcement.         When the cable jacket is opened, the fibers are randomly         organized, and randomly mixed with strands of aramid yarn. In         the ribbonizing process, the operator cuts or folds back the         aramid yarn to expose the fiber, then picks out the fibers in         the order required for ribbonizing. This is a tedious process.         In addition, the fibers are free to twist, and change locations,         when the cable is stretched, bent, etc.     -   2. Poor fiber protection. The fibers are prone to being damaged         during the ribbonizing process. In these cable designs there is         little mechanical protection for the fibers when the cable is         opened, and the operator must take extreme care to ensure no         fibers are damaged when the aramid yarn is removed and the         fibers are ordered one-by-one for ribbonizing.     -   3. Poor crush protection. The hollow core and bare-fiber         structure of these cables means that crushing loads may be         translated directly to the fibers. When crushed, the fibers may         be pressed one against another. Moreover, the organization of         the fibers relative to each other can be rearranged. These         effects may result in high point attenuation and/or broken         fibers, and limits the suitability of these cables for many         indoor applications. While these cables may be adequate for         frame-to-frame interconnect applications, where they are         installed in a relatively benign environment, they may not be         sufficiently robust for installation in overhead or under-floor         ladder racks, or raceways for room-to-room connections.

STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION

To address these problems, we propose a new cable structure for indoor installations comprising a dual-layer optical fiber buffer encasement of acrylate resin. The buffer encasement comprises a compliant acrylate inner layer that protects the fiber and minimizes stress transfer to the fiber, and a hard, tough acrylate outer layer that provides crush resistance. The dual-layer optical fiber buffer encasement is wrapped with a reinforcing layer and encased in an outer protective jacket. In preferred embodiments the dual-layer optical fiber buffer encasement has a dual reinforcing layer and a dual jacket.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a cable design of the invention showing the dual-layer optical fiber buffer encasement, the aramid yarn layer and the outer jacket;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a larger fiber count cable wherein a plurality of dual-layer optical fiber buffer encasements are cabled together; and

FIG. 3 is a schematic view similar to that of FIG. 1 showing a cable embodiment according to the invention with a dual jacketed structure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIG. 1, a twelve fiber embodiment of the invention is shown with the twelve optical fibers 11, encased and embedded in a soft acrylate matrix 12. The elements in the figures are not drawn to scale. Surrounding and encasing the soft acrylate matrix is a relatively hard acrylate encasement layer 13. Together, the optical fibers, the acrylate matrix, and the acrylate encasement layer, comprise a round dual layer optical fiber buffer encasement. In this embodiment the optical fiber buffer encasement contains 12 optical fibers, but may contain from 2-24 optical fibers. Optical fiber buffer encasements with 4 to 12 optical fibers may be expected to be most common in commercial practice.

The dual-layer acrylate construction of the optical fiber buffer encasement, with the soft inner layer and hard outer layer, functions to minimize transfer of bending and crushing forces to the optical fibers, thus minimizing signal attenuation. Alternatively the optical fiber buffer encasement may have an oval cross section.

The term matrix is intended to mean a body with a cross section of matrix material in which other bodies (optical fibers) are embedded. Encasement is intended to mean a layer that both surrounds and contacts another body or layer.

The soft acrylate matrix and the hard acrylate encasement are preferably UV-curable acrylates. Other polymers may be substituted. The UV-curable resins may contain flame-retardants to improve the overall fire resistance of the cable.

Alternatively, a polymeric layer may be extruded over the dual layer optical fiber buffer encasement, and may be useful in especially demanding applications, such as cables required to meet the NFPA 262 Plenum fire standard. The extruded flame-retardant coating may be made from: PVC, low-smoke PVC, PVDF, FEP, PTFE, compounded fluoropolymer blends, low-smoke zero halogen polyolefin-based resins, flame retardant thermoplastic elastomers, and flame retardant nylons. Specific examples are Dow Chemical DFDE-1638-NT EXP2 non-halogen resin, and Dyneon SOLEF 32008/0009 PVDF.

The optical fiber buffer encasement is encased with a wrap 14 of reinforcing yarn, preferably polyaramid, although glass yarn could be used. The yarn may be run straight or may be helically twisted. For indoor-outdoor applications, the aramid yarn may be coated with a waterswellable finish that can prevent water penetration down the length of the cable. Other waterblocking provisions, such as tapes, yarns, or powders, may also be used to limit water penetration.

An outer flame-retardant polymer jacket 15 is formed around the buffer encasement and the reinforcing yarn. Suitable jacket polymers are PVC, low-smoke PVC, PVDF, FEP, PTFE, compounded fluoropolymer blends, low-smoke zero halogen polyolefin-based resins, flame retardant thermoplastic elastomers, and flame retardant nylons. The jacket polymer may contain UV stabilizers to allow use of the cable for indoor-outdoor applications.

An advantage of using UV-cured acrylates in the dual-layer acrylate buffer encasement is that the cabling operation used to apply UV-cured coatings is rapid and cost effective. The following describes the production of the dual-layer acrylate buffer encasement at high cabling speeds. The method used is to apply the coating material as a prepolymer, and cure the prepolymer using UV light. The dual-layer acylate coatings are applied in tandem or simultaneously (using a two compartment dual die applicator). In the tandem method, a first coating layer is applied, and cured, and the second coating layer is applied over the cured first layer, and cured. In the simultaneous dual coating arrangement, both coatings are applied in a prepolymer state, and cured simultaneously. The UV curable polyacrylate prepolymers are sufficiently transparent to UV curing radiation, i.e., wavelengths typically in the range 200-400 nm, to allow full curing at high draw speeds. Other transparent coating materials, such as alkyl-substituted silicones and silsesquioxanes, aliphatic polyacrylates, polymethacrylates and vinyl ethers have also been used as UV cured coatings.

See e.g. S. A. Shama, E. S. Poklacki, J. M. Zimmerman “Ultraviolet-curable cationic vinyl ether polyurethane coating compositions” U.S. Pat. No. 4,956,198 (1990); S. C. Lapin, A. C. Levy “Vinyl ether based optical fiber coatings” U.S. Pat. No. 5,139,872 (1992); P. J. Shustack “Ultraviolet radiation-curable coatings for optical fibers” U.S. Pat. No. 5,352,712 (1994). The coating technology using UV curable materials is well developed. Coatings using visible light for curing, i.e. light in the range 400-600 nm, may also be used. The preferred coating materials are acrylates, or urethane-acrylates, with a UV photoinitiator added.

Examples of coating materials suitable for use in the optical fiber buffer encasement of the cables of the invention are:

INNER LAYER OUTER LAYER Example 1 DSM Desotech DU-1002 DSM Desotech 850-975 Example 2 DSM Desotech DU-0001 DSM Desotech 850-975 Example 3 DSM Desotech DU-1003 DSM Desotech 850-975

The inner layer and outer layer materials may be characterized in various ways. From the general description above it is evident that the modulus of the inner layer should be less than the modulus of the outer layer. Using the ASTM D882 standard measurement method, the recommended tensile modulus for the inner layer is in the range 0.1 to 50 MPa, and preferably 0.5 to 10 MPa. A suitable range for the outer layer is 100 MPa to 2000 MPa, and preferably 200 MPa to 1000 MPa.

The layer materials may also be characterized using glass transition temperatures. It is recommended that the T_(g) of the inner layer be less than 20 degrees C., and the T_(g) of the outer layer greater than 40 degrees C. For the purpose of this description the glass transition temperature, T_(g), is the point in the middle of the transition curve.

Suitable aramid yarn for the aramid layer is available from Teijin Twaron BV, identified as 1610 dTex Type 2200 Twaron yarn. The yarn may be run straight or with a twist.

The cable dimensions are largely determined by the size of the dual-acrylate subunit. A typical diameter for the 12 fiber buffer encasement described above is 1.425 mm. In most embodiments the buffer encasement diameter, for 2 to 12 fibers, will be less than 2 mm. The reinforcing yarn layer and the outer jacket typically add 1.5 to 2.5 mm to the cable diameter. The outer jacket may be, for example, 10-25 mils. The overall cable diameter is preferably less than 4 mm. In a preferred embodiment for use in applications requiring a plenum fire rating, a 25-mil thick jacket of Dyneon SOLEF 32008/0009 may be used, providing a final outer cable diameter of 3.4 mm.

Optical fiber cables with more than one optical fiber buffer encasement offer an attractive alternative design, one that produces increased fiber count while still relatively small and compact. Buffer encasements of any number, for example 2-8, can be combined in a single jacket. Efficient packing is obtained in a cable with 6 optical fiber buffer encasements 21, as shown in FIG. 2. This design has a central strength member 22 to aid in organizing the buffer encasements, within the aramid yarn layer 23 and outer jacket 24. Alternatively, the center space may be occupied by another optical fiber buffer encasement. As mentioned above, the individual optical fibers may be color coded to aid in identifying and organizing the optical fibers for ribbonizing or splicing. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the cable jackets may also be color coded to provide additional aid in organizing the optical fibers.

Referring back to the three disadvantages of other optical fiber cable designs that were mentioned earlier, corresponding advantages of the cables just described are:

-   -   1. Improved fiber management. The fibers are contained within a         solid buffer encasement that prevents twisting, mixing or         kinking. It is convenient to strip the aramid yarn away from the         buffer encasement, since the encasement is a solid unit. The         order and relative location of the fibers are fixed when the         dual-layer acrylate buffer encasement is manufactured. The         individual fibers may be exposed for ribbonizing using known         techniques for accessing similar round acrylate units. The         fibers are easier to ribbonize as they are bound together in the         buffer encasement. The individual optical fibers may be color         coded to aid in identification and ribbonizing.     -   2. Improved fiber protection. The fiber is buffered in the use         environment by the hard and soft UV acrylate layers. This         provides mechanical protection against fiber breaks during cable         stripping and handling.     -   3. Improved crush protection. The optical fiber buffer         encasement offers improved crush resistance due to its solid         structure. The hard outer layer and soft inner layer provides         hydrostatic resistance to crushing loads, and the soft inner         layer acts to dissipate the crushing energy.

In addition, the compact size of the optical fiber buffer encasement allows for manufacture of smaller cables than typically found in competing cable designs. For example, the cable design of the invention allows production of riser/non-halogen cables with an OD of 3.3 mm or less, and plenum-rated cables with an OD of 3.7 mm or less.

It is mentioned above that the optical fiber cable of the invention is primarily adapted for indoor installation, i.e. in a protected environment. The cable design is especially unique for that application. However the design may be readily modified for outdoor use, for example in campus environments where the cable may be used to connect two adjacent buildings. Reference to “indoor-outdoor above is meant to convey applications that are either indoor or outdoor, as well as applications where a single cable may be partly indoors and partly outdoors. The latter provides an installation advantage since the junction connector usually found at the location where a cable enters a premises may be omitted.

For outside installations the cable design described above may be further modified to add additional crush-resistance, strength and robustness. Such a modified design is shown in FIG. 3, which is essentially the cable of FIG. 1 to which is added a second polymer wrap 31 and a second jacket 32. The wrap 31 is similar to that of wrap 14, i.e., a wrap of reinforcing tape or yarn, preferably polyaramid, although glass yarn could be used. The tape or yarn may be run straight or may be helically twisted. In a typical outdoor application, the aramid yarn may be coated with a waterswellable finish that can prevent water penetration down the length of the cable. Other waterblocking provisions, such as tapes, yarns, or powders, may also be used to limit water penetration. The term polymer wrap is intended to describe any elongated polymer material that is wrapped or strung along the cable length. The material may be a tape, a yarn, a mesh, or other suitable choice.

The second polymer jacket 32 is similar to jacket 15, and is formed as an encasement around wrap 31. As in the case of jacket 15, suitable polymers for jacket 32 are PVC, low-smoke PVC, PVDF, FEP, PTFE, compounded fluoropolymer blends, low-smoke zero halogen polyolefin-based resins, flame retardant thermoplastic elastomers, and flame retardant nylons. For cables intended only for outdoor service, a non-flame retardant, UV-resistant jacket may be used, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, and other suitable materials known in the art. The jacket 32 may contain UV stabilizers, in which case it may be unnecessary to add a UV stabilizer to the inner jacket 15.

The second strength layer and second jacket add tensile strength to the cable making it suitable for long pulls in duct or riser installations, or even in aerial installations were the cable may be used for unsupported spans of 75 or 100 feet, or longer.

It should be evident from the foregoing description that the buffer encasement comprises a subunit of the cable in the sense that is separately prepared as a subassembly of optical fibers, then cabled in a protective yarn and a protective jacket. The same may be the case for the combination of the buffer encasement subunit and the first polymer wrap and first jacket. These may also comprise a subunit of the larger cable design of FIG. 3. If desired, the second polymer wrap and second jacket may be provided with convenient means for stripping the outer jacket from the subunit just mentioned. For example, a rip cord may be incorporated with the polymer wrap. Alternately, tools may be used to “ring-cut” the outer jacket, then slit the jacket into sections down the length of the sheath, a practice commonly used for entering buffer tubes in so-called ‘loose tube’ optical fiber cables. This allows the double jacketed cable to be installed outdoors, but the double jacketed cable is easily converted to a smaller, lightweight cable for indoor runs. That conversion can be made without terminating the cable. The typical prior art installation has an outdoor cable attached to an indoor cable with a cable junction box and optical fiber splices. These are unnecessary using the cable of FIG. 3, i.e. the optical fiber buffer encasement may be continuous from the indoor portion of the cable installation through the outdoor portion of the cable installation.

It will be evident to those skilled in the art that UV cured acrylate resins contain photoinitiators that can be identified in the final cable product. Any suitable photoinitiator may be used in implementing the invention.

In concluding the detailed description, it should be noted that it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that many variations and modifications may be made to the preferred embodiment without substantial departure from the principles of the present invention. All such variations, modifications and equivalents are intended to be included herein as being within the scope of the present invention, as set forth in the claims. 

1. An optical fiber cable comprising: (a) an optical fiber buffer encasement comprising: i. at least two optical fibers encased in a polymer matrix, the polymer matrix having a first modulus, ii. a polymer encasement encasing the polymer matrix, the polymer encasement and the polymer matrix having a round cross section and having a second modulus where the second modulus is greater than the first modulus, the polymer encasement and the polymer matrix having a round cross section and (b) a first polymer wrap strength layer surrounding optical fiber buffer encasement, (c) a first cable jacket surrounding the first polymer wrap strength layer, the first cable jacket consisting essentially of polymer material having a round cross section, (d) a second polymer wrap strength layer surrounding the first cable jacket, and (e) a second polymer cable jacket surrounding the second polymer wrap strength layer, the second cable jacket having a round cross section, wherein layers (d) and (e) are adapted to be removed from layers (a)-(c).
 2. The optical fiber cable of claim 2 wherein both the polymer matrix and the polymer encasement comprise UV cured acrylates,
 3. The optical fiber cable of claim 2 wherein the modulus of the polymer matrix is in the range 0.1 to 50 MPa,
 4. The optical fiber cable of claim 3 wherein the modulus of the polymer matrix is in the range 0.5 to 10 MPa.
 5. The optical fiber cable of claim 3 wherein the modulus of the polymer encasement is in the range 100 MPa to 2000 MPa.
 6. The optical fiber cable of claim 5 wherein the modulus of the polymer encasement is in the range 200 MPa to 1000 MPa.
 7. The optical fiber cable of claim 2 wherein the glass transition temperature of the polymer matrix is less than 20 degrees C.
 8. The optical fiber cable of claim 7 wherein the glass transition temperature of the polymer encasement is greater than 40 degrees C.
 9. The optical fiber cable of claim 2 wherein the polymer wrap is polyaramid yarn.
 10. The optical fiber cable of claim 2 wherein the cross section of the cable jacket has a diameter of less than 4 mm.
 11. The optical fiber cable of claim 2 wherein the optical fiber cable comprises more than one optical fiber buffer encasement.
 12. The optical fiber cable of claim 2 wherein the cable jacket comprises flame retardant material.
 13. The optical fiber cable of claim 2 further including a rip cord associated with the second polymer wrap strength layer.
 14. A method for installing optical fiber cable at a customer premises, the method characterized in that the optical fiber cable comprises: (a) an optical fiber buffer encasement comprising: i. at least two optical fibers encased in a polymer matrix, the polymer matrix having a first modulus, ii. a polymer encasement layer encasing the polymer matrix, the polymer encasement layer having a second modulus where the second modulus is greater than the first modulus, (b) a polymer wrap strength layer surrounding optical fiber buffer encasement, and (c) a cable jacket surrounding the layer of polymer wrap, the cable jacket consisting essentially of polymer material having a round cross section, (d) a second polymer wrap strength layer surrounding the first cable jacket, and (e) a second cable jacket surrounding the second polymer wrap strength layer, the cable jacket having a round cross section, wherein along a portion of the cable (d) and (e) are separated from (a)-(c), thus forming a cable portion of (a)-(e), and a cable portion of (a)-(c) and further wherein the cable portion of (a)-(e) is installed outside a customer premises and the cable portion of (a)-(c) is installed inside the customer premises.
 15. The method of claim 19 wherein the optical fiber buffer encasement is continuous between the optical fiber cable installed indoors and the portion of optical fiber cable installed outdoors. 